》》》 淺談假設語氣
假設語氣（the subjunctive mood）是一種表示假設狀態的句型，由if引導的副詞子句與主要子句構成。依時態的不同形成下列四種基本句型以及一種特殊句型：
- 純條件的假設語氣－用現在式
- 與現在事實相反的假設語氣－用過去式
- 與過去事實相反的假設語氣－用過去完成式
- 與未來狀況相反的假設語氣－由if子句用助動詞should（譯作：「萬一」），主要子句則用現在式或過去式助動詞
- 表示與永恆不變的真理相反的假設語氣
If + S + V(現在式) + …, S + will/may/can/should/shall/must/ought to + VR + ….
例：If Jane comes to my birthday party, I will be on the cloud nine.
（如果珍來我的生日派對，我會高興的九霄雲外。）
If + S + V(過去式) + …, S + would/could/should/might/ought to + VR + ….
例：If Jane came to my birthday party, I would be on the cloud nine. But she is not here.
（如果珍現在有來我的生日派對，我會高興的九霄雲外。） 但她現在不在這裡
If + S + had + P.P. + …, S + would/could/should/might/ought to + have + P.P. + ….
例：If Jane had come to my birthday party, I would have been on the cloud nine. But she was not here.
（如果珍當時有來我的生日派對，我會高興的九霄雲外。） 但她當時不在這裡
【可能性低】If + S + should + VR + …, S + would/could/should/might/ought to + VR + ….
【可能性高】If + S + should + VR + …, S + will/can/shall/may + VR + ….
例：If Jane should come to my birthday party, I would/will be on the cloud nine.
（萬一珍有來我的生日派對，我會高興的九霄雲外。）
If + S + were to + VR + …, S + would/could/should/might/ought to + VR + ….
例：If I were to be qualified for National Taiwan University, my mother would be on the cloud nine.
（要是我考上台大，我媽會高興的九霄雲外。）
↑我知道這不可能啦，所以不要噓我了 ＝..＝
只要秉持住「退一步海闊天空」的原則，基本上假設語氣的法則大致都能理解
》》》 if的省略
假設語氣的if子句中，若有過去完成式助動詞had、或表示「萬一」的助動詞should、或是用於現在假設語氣的be動詞were出現時，可以將這些詞類置於主詞前，並將if省略
ㄐㄩˇ個例句就懂了啦！
- had
- should
- were
If he had done it, he would have felt sorry.
＝ Had he done it, he would have felt sorry.
（如果他當時做了這件事，他會後悔的。）
If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay (at) home.
＝ Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay (at) home.
（萬一明天下雨，我會待在家。）
↑我在家當陽光宅男，嗯… 整個就是超級陽光的！
至於在家當陽光宅男的stay home與stay at home的區別：
stay為不及物動詞，而home可做為「地方副詞」或「名詞」
(a) home做地方副詞時：stay這個不及物動詞剛好與之形成「S + Vi. + S.C.」的句型，home恰好做為主詞補語
(b) home做名詞時：stay這個不及物動詞因為有at這個介係詞當橋樑，可連接受詞home，且剛好形成「S
+ Vi. + prep. + O.」的句型
If he were lazy, he might fail.
＝ Were he lazy, he might fail.
（如果他怠惰，他就有可能失敗。）
》》》 時態不一致
也就是if子句與過去事實相反，用完成式；主要子句與現在事實相反，則用過去式。
If + S + had + P.P. + …, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + … + (now/today) + .
也是ㄐㄩˇ個例句就懂了啦！
例：If I had started saving money then, I would be able to buy a car (now).
（如果當時我開始存錢，我現在就能買車了。）
解析：If I had started saving money then, I would be able to buy a car (now).
（↑過去事實相反因此用過去完成式；↑現在事實相反，因此用過去式）
》》》 同等於if的連接詞
if ＝ in case (that)、on condition that、provided/providing (that)；so long as（只要）、as long as（只要），此類連接詞通常只用在表純條件的假設語氣中。也就是說，其引導的子句均為現在式。
舉一些例句驗證：
例：If it is, we will start to do it.
（如果天氣好，我們就開始著手做這件事情。）
例：In case he comes, let me know.
＝ In case he should come, let me know.
（如果他來了，讓我知道一下。）
例：I will take the trip with you on condition that you bear the expenses.
（如果你承擔費用，我就與你同行。）
例：I will pardon him provided/providing (that) he acknowledges his mistakes.
（如果他認錯，我就原諒他。）
例：Any book will do as long as it is interesting.
（只要書有趣，哪本都可以。）
》》》 but for + N 若非／要不是…
此類句型僅限於與現在或過去事實相反的假設語氣。
- 與現在事實相反：若非…就…
- 與過去事實相反：若非當時…就…
If it were not + that + S + V（用現在式） + …, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + ….
＝ Were it not + that + S + V（用現在式） + …, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + ….
＝ If it were not for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + ….
＝ Were it for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + ….
＝ But for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + ….
＝ Without + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + ….
例：If it were not that he works hard, I wouldn't like him.
＝ Were it not that he works hard, I wouldn't like him.
＝ If it were not for his hard work, I wouldn't like him.
＝ Were it not for his hard work, I wouldn't like him.
＝ But for his hard work, I wouldn't like him.
＝ Without his hard work, I wouldn't like him.
If it had not been + that + S + V（用過去式） + …, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. ….
＝ Had it not been + that + S + V（用過去式） + …, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. + ….
＝ If it had not been for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. + ….
＝ Had it not been for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. + ….
＝ But for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. + ….
＝ Without + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. + ….
例：If it had not been that he lent me the money, I couldn't have bought the book.
＝ Had it not been that he lent me the money, I couldn't have bought the book.
＝ If it had not been for the money (which) he lent me, I couldn't have bought the book.
＝ Had it not been for the money (which) he lent me, I couldn't have bought the book.
＝ But for the money (which) he lent me, I couldn't have bought the book.
＝ Without the money (which) he lent me, I couldn't have bought the book.
※因為這類句型綜合前面的文法，故較深難。若不懂則使用But for + N或Without + N比較保險。
好險有藍山↑不好笑，我知道 ＝..＝
》》》 lest…(should) + VR +… 以免／唯恐…
lest為副詞連接詞，引導副詞子句。在該子句中，助動詞一律用should。而should常常予以省略，故該子句中的動詞必為原形動詞。
lest + … + (should) + VR …
＝ for fear that + S + may + VR【表示現在或未來的狀況】
＝ for fear that + S + might + VR【表示過去的狀況】
＝ for fear of + V-ing
例：You must study hard lest you (should) fail the exam.
＝ You must study hard for fear that you may fail the exam.
＝ You must study hard for fear of failing the exam.
（你必須用功讀書，以免考試不及格。）
例：He did it carefully lest he (should) make the same mistake again.
＝ He did it carefully for fear that he might make the same mistake again.
＝ He did it carefully for fear of making the same mistake again.
（他很僅慎地做這件事，唯恐再次犯同樣的錯誤。）
》》》 as if…＝ as though… 彷彿／好像…
as though或as if均為副詞連接詞，引導副詞子句，使用時有三種時態：
- 表示極大的可能 → 動詞使用一般時態
- 表與現在事實相反 → 動詞使用過去式
- 表與過去事實相反 → 動詞使用過去完成式
例：It looks as if/as though it is going to rain.
（看起來好像要下雨了。）
例：Mr. Wang loves me as if/as though I were his own child.
（王先生愛我就像我是她的孩子一樣。）
例：He looked as if/as though nothing had happened.
（他看起來就好像什麼事也沒發生過一樣。）
※as if或as though之後亦可接不定詞片語，表示即將發生的狀況。
例：She opened her lips as if/as though she was going to speak.
（她張開雙唇好像有話要說。）
》》》 What if…should…？ 要是……的話會怎樣／要怎麼辦？
（※本概念於 95 年大學入學指定科目考試有考過）
本句型乃表示對未來狀況的存疑的假設語氣。if子句多半都會置入助動詞should。
例：What if he should come?
＝ What might happen if he should come?
＝ What could I/we do if he should come?
（萬一／要是他來了，會怎麼樣／怎麼辦？）
例：What if it should rain?
＝ What might happen if it should rain?
＝ What could I/we do if it should rain?
（萬一／要是下雨了，會怎麼樣／怎麼辦？）
＊what if之後亦可用現在式，故上列例句亦可改寫如下：
What if he comes?
＝ What shall we do if he comes?
What if it rains?
＝ What may happen if it rains?
》》》 It is time/high time/about time + (that) + S + V-ed + …. 該是……的時候了
＊由於that子句的動作「尚未發生」，與現在事實相反。故使用此句型時，that子句的動詞必須為過去式。
例：It is time (that) he went to bed.
＝ It is high time (that) he went to bed.
＝ It is about time (that) he went to bed.
（該是他上床睡覺的時間了。）
＊上列句構亦可改為不定詞形態：
例：It is time (that) he went to bed.
＝ It is time for hime to go to bed.
＝ It is high time for hime to go to bed.
＝ It is about time for hime to go to bed.
（該是他上床睡覺的時間了。）
因此歸納出以下句型：
It is time + (that) + S + V-ed + ….
＝ It is high time + (that) + S + V-ed + ….
＝ It is about time + (that) + S + V-ed + ….
＝ It is time + for sb. + to + VR + ….
＝ It is high time + for sb. + to + VR + ….
＝ It is about time + for sb. + to + VR + ….
》》》 If only + 假設語氣 + …. 但願／要是……就好了
本句型只用於與現在事實或過去事實相反的假設語氣中。換言之，本句型的時態只能用過去式或過去完成式。
ㄐㄩˇ個例句就懂了啦！
例：If only he were here.
＝ I wish he were here.
（要是他現在在這理就好了。）
例：If only I had known it earlier.
＝ I wish I had known it earlier.
（要是我早點知道這件事就好了。）
》》》 wish的用法
- wish之後接that子句時，一定要使用假設語氣。若與現在事實相反，要用過去式；若與過去事實相反，則要用過去完成式。換句話說，that子句中的時態絕無現在式。
- I wish (that) + …. 真希望……就好了
例：I wish that he is here.【錯誤】
→ I wish that he were here.【正確】
＝ It's too bad that he is not here.
（我真希望他現在就在這裡。－－但遺憾的是，他現在不在這裡。）
句型：I wish + (that) + ….
＝ I would rather + (that) + ….
＝ Would that + ….【文言】
例：I wish (that) I had studied harder when young.
＝ I would rather (that) I had studied harder when young.
＝ Would that I had studied harder when young.【文言】
（真希望我當時能更用功就好了。）
↑這也是看到指考成績後的心聲啊…
但為了避免錯誤，通常以wish to + VR的用法最為保險。
》》》 hope的用法
hope之後接that子句時，使用一般時態，表示極大的可能性。即表示現在的狀況時用現在式，表示未來狀況用未來式；表示完成的狀況時用完成式，表示進行的狀況用進行式。
- 表示現在狀況：
- 表示未來狀況：
- 表示進行狀況：
- 表示完成狀況：
例：I hope (that) he is safe and sound.
（我希望他安然無恙。）
→ safe and sound (phr.) 安然無恙地
↑sound (a.) 健全的、 (Vi.) 聽起來、 (n.) 聲音，這裡做形容詞（翻譯做：健全的）
例：I hope he will be back
（我希望他會回來。）
例：I hope they are having a good time.
（我希望他們正玩得愉快。）
↑複習：表示「做…愉快」的句型：have fun/pleasure/a good time/a great time + 用法1 (in) + V-ing 或 用法2 with + N
例：I hope they have finished the work.
（我希望他們已經把工作做好了。）
複習：【國中文法】hope為半使役動詞，其後以接不定詞to + VR或原形動詞做為受詞
》》》 I hope與祈使句（命令句）的關係
I hope接that子句時，子句中可使用助動詞may，形成祈使句。此時將I hope that刪除，將may置於原that子句的主詞之前，動詞仍用原形動詞，原句點改為驚嘆號。
例：I hope (that) he may live long.
＝ May he live long!
（願他長命百歲！）
例：I hope (that) you may pass the exam.
＝ May you pass the exam!
（願你通過考試！）
- 以God為主詞時，可以省略may。
- 以「國家」或「君主萬歲」時，可採倒裝句構。
注意事項
例：I hope God may bless you.【老外不常用】
＝ May God bless you!【老外常用】
＝ God bless you!【老外最常用】
（上帝保佑你！）
例：I hope the king may live long.【老外不常用】
＝ May the king live long!【老外常用】
＝ Long live the king!【老外最常用】
（國王萬歲！）
》》》 wish與hope的異同
- 相同部分：
- 不同部分：
Ⅰ. 均可用不定詞做為受詞
例：I wish to travel abroad.
＝ I hope to travel abroad.
（我希望能出國旅遊。）
Ⅱ. 亦可作不及物動詞，與介係詞for並用，表示「期望獲得」之意，以名詞作為其受詞。
例：I wish for a chance to try it.【常用】
＝ I hope for a chance to try it.【罕用】
（我希望能有機會嘗試一下。）
↑try it不要想到純喫茶喔 ＝..＝
表「祝福」時，只能用wish，之後接兩個名詞或代名詞作為其受詞。
例：I wish you a good time.
（祝你們玩得愉快。）
例：I wish my parents longevity.
（祝我父母長命百歲。）
↑注意：longevity為不可數名詞，譯作：長壽（不是香菸喔）、長命百歲
換做hope的部份：
例：I hope you a good time.【錯誤】
改成：I hope (that) you (may) have a good time.【正確】
（我希望你們玩得愉快。）
例：I hope my parents longevity.【錯誤】
改成：I hope (that) my parents can live long.【正確】
（我希望父母長命百歲。）
》》》 對過去事物的猜測的三種句型
- must have + P.P. + … 一定曾經…
- may have + P.P. + … 可能曾經…
- cannot have + P.P. + … 不可能曾經…
例：He is learned; he must have received a good education.
（他博學多聞，一定受過良好的教育。）
例：He looks tired; he may have stayed up late last night.
（他看起來很疲倦，可能昨晚熬夜到很晚。）
↑雖然指考已經過了，但還是來附息一下“熬夜”的講法：
stay up
＝ sit up
＝ burn the midnight oil
＝ pull an all nighter
例：He is honest; he cannot have stolen Mary's money.
（他是老實人，不可能偷瑪莉的錢。）
注意：若表猜測的句構為疑問句時，要用「Can…have…?」的句型
例：May he have done it?【錯誤】
改成：Can he have done it?【正確】
（他可能做了這樣的事嗎？）
》》》 比較“didn't need to + VR”與“need not have + P.P.”的不同
“didn't need to + VR”乃表示對過去的事實，即「不必……同時亦沒有如此做」；而“need not have + P.P.”乃表示對過去事實相反的假設語氣，即「不必……但卻這麼做了」（同should not have + P.P.）。
例：As I had enough money, I didn't need to borrow any (money) from him.
（由於錢夠，我當時不必向他借錢。－－爾且我也沒借錢。）
例：Since you had enough money, you need not have borrowed money from me, but why did you still borrow some?
（既然你的錢夠用，你原本不必向我借錢，但你為什麼還是借錢呢？）
↑麗奇阿姨要寫借據囉…！
》》》 意志動詞
意志動詞共有“建議”、“要求”、“命令”、“規定”、“主張”等五大類。其後接that子句作受詞時，that子句中要使用助動詞should。而should往往以予省略，故that子句內動詞必呈現原形狀態。
- 表「建議」：suggest、recommend、advise、urge（呼籲）、propose、move（提議）
- 表「要求」：ask、desire、demand、require、request、insist（堅持要求）
- 表「命令」：order、command
- 表「規定」：rule、regulate、stipulate
- 表「主張」：advocate、maintain
例：They suggested (that) he (should) come home on time.
（他們建議他準時回家。）
例：Mary desired (that) Peter (should) treat her nicely.
（瑪莉要求彼得好好對待她。）
例：The manager ordered (that) the secretary (should) hand in the proposal by Friday.
（經理令秘書週五前交出企劃案。）
例：The principal ruled (that) no student (should) play truant.
（校長規定學生不准逃學。）
↑逃學會被老妖怪抓到唷 ＝..＝
注意：若suggest翻譯做（表示為）：「暗示」、insist表「堅信」、maintain表「堅決認為」時，不做意志動詞用。換言之，that子句用一般時態即可。
- suggest表「暗示」：suggest ＝ imply ＝ hint
- insist表「堅信」：insist ＝ be convinced ＝ be sure
- maintain表「堅決認為」：maintain ＝ believe
例：His words suggested that he wasn't telling a lie.
＝ His words implied that he wasn't telling a lie.
＝ His words hinted that he wasn't telling a lie.
（他的話中暗示他絕不是在說謊。）
例：He insists that the job isn't so difficult as one may think.
＝ He is convinced that the job isn't so difficult as one may think.
＝ He is sure that the job isn't so difficult as one may think.
（他深信這份工作沒有一般人想像的那麼困難。）
例：John maintained that he had met the girl before.
＝ John believed that he had met the girl before.
（約翰確信他曾見過那女孩。）
》》》 insist on + V-ing 堅持要…
例：He insisted on doing it (in) that way.
（他堅持要這麼做。）
注意：“insist on…”與“persist in…”均以動名詞做為受詞，但意思有別：
- insist on… 堅持要……（有固執的涵義）
- persist in… 從事……很執著（有很努力且不輕易放棄的涵義）
例：John insisted on going fishing even though a typhoon was coming.
（雖然颱風要來了，約翰堅持要去釣魚。）
↑我想是被魚掉唄～
颱風在海邊釣魚或觀浪我記得好像要罰二十五萬？ 問陳英櫻老師吧 ＝..＝
例：Peter persisted in handling the problem all by himself.
（彼得很執著於自己來處理這個問題。）
↑複習一下唄～
處理：handle ＝ deal with ＝ cope with
嗯… 也許莫名的執著是成功的原動力吧？！
》》》 意志形容詞
表示“有必要的”形容詞，修飾that子句時，該子句亦須使用助動詞should。而should往往以予省略，故that子句內動詞必呈現原形狀態。
句型：It is + 意志形容詞 + that + S + (should) + VR + ….
八個意志形容詞：necessary（有必要的）、important（很重要的）、essential（不可或缺的）、imperative（有絕對必要的）、urgent（緊急的）、desirable（含意的）、recommendable（值得推薦的）、advisable（明智的）。
例：It is necessary that he (should) work hard.
（他必須努力工作。）
例：It is desirable that he (should) not do that again.
（他不要再那樣做才好。）
》》》 意志名詞
that子句若置於意志動詞變成的名詞之後，而與該名詞形成同位語時，that子句中也要使用助動詞should。而should往往以予省略，故that子句內動詞必呈現原形狀態。
直接舉例句就懂囉…
例：It is my teacher's suggestion that I (should) study abroad.
（我老師建議我出國唸書。）
↑這句真漂亮～ 我喜歡！
不要噓我唷 ＝..＝
例：They raised a proposal that the meeting (should) be postponed.
（他們提議延期開會。）
例：It is John's desire that someone (should) help him write the letter.
（約翰期望有人能幫他寫信。）
↑懶惰鬼！簡直就阿珠嘛 ＝..＝
假設語氣全篇結束！
本篇參照賴世雄老師編著之《常春藤英文文法A65》
整理、編輯、統納、補充 By 小飯
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